《每日快報》報道，科學家發現一種中國食品可能治療癌症和心臟病。
報道說，美國費城和中國北京的科學家已經找出了從傳統中藥材紅曲提煉出的精華的好處。
紅曲是一種發酵產品，長期應用於食品著色，如用作叉燒肉和烤鴨的紅色染料。科學家發現，它可以減低癌症死亡率達三分之二﹔減低心臟病死亡率三分之一。
《每日郵報》說，研究人員發現，這種染料的好處甚至超過斯他汀類抗膽固醇藥物。
June 10,2008
By Victoria Fletcher
A MIRACLE cure for cancer and heart disease has been discovered in Chinese food, scientists revealed last night.
An extract of red yeast rice, which gives
Peking duck its distinctive colour, may cut cancer deaths by two-thirds and heart disease by a third.
The compound could now be developed into a new treatment, saving millions of lives.
One scientist involved in the study on thousands of patients described the results yesterday as “profound”.
| It is important to recognise we do not know exactly how Chinese red yeast rice works |
| |
The health benefits from the extract, which has been used in Chinese medicine for a thousand years, even out-performed cholesterol-lowering drugs known as statins.
When given to heart disease patients, researchers found that it reduced their chances of a repeat heart attack by 45 per cent.
It also cut the need to undergo bypass surgery or artery treatment by a third. Although the study focused mainly on 5,000 patients suffering from heart disease in China, the numbers of cancer deaths were also recorded.
Dried grain red yeast rice
Red yeast rice (Chinese: 紅麴米, 红曲米; pinyin: hóng qú mǐ; lit. "red yeast rice"), red fermented rice, red kojic rice, red koji rice, or ang-kak, is a bright reddish purple fermented rice, which acquires its colour from being cultivated with the mold Monascus purpureus. In Japan, it is known as beni-koji (べにこうじ, lit. "red koji") or akakoji (あかこぎ, also meaning "red koji") and in Taiwan it is sometimes also called âng-chau (紅糟) in Taiwanese. In China it is widely available under the brand name XueZhiKang (血脂康), and in Singapore it is available as Hypocol™. (see ref: Dennis Lee, M.D.)
Red yeast rice is sold in jars at Asian markets as a pasteurized wet aggregate, whole dried grains, or as a ground powder. It was a commonly used red food colouring in East Asian and Chinese cuisine prior to the discovery of chemical food colouring. It has also been used in Chinese herbal medicine.
Production
Red yeast rice is produced by cultivating Monascus purpureus on polished rice. The rice is first soaked in water until the grains are fully saturated. The raw soaked rice can then either be directly inoculated, or steamed for the purpose of sterilizing and cooking the grains prior to inoculation. Inoculation is done by mixing M. purpureus spores or powdered red yeast rice together with the processed rice. The mix is then incubated in an environment around room temperature for 3-6 days. During this period of time, the rice should be fully cultured with M. purpureus, with each rice grain turning bright red in its core and reddish purple on the outside.
The fully cultured rice is then either sold as the dried grain, or cooked and pasteurized to be sold as a wet paste, or dried and pulverized to be sold as a fine powder. China is the world's largest producer of red yeast rice.
Due to the low cost of chemical dyes, some producers of red yeast rice have tried to adulterate their products with the red dye Sudan Red G [1](in Chinese).
Uses
Culinary
The dried grain can be prepared and eaten in the same manner as white rice--a common practice among Asians. It can also be added to other foods.
Red yeast rice is used to colour a wide variety of food products, including pickled tofu, red rice vinegar, char siu, Peking Duck, and chinese pastries that require red food colouring. It is also traditionally used in the production of several types of Chinese wine, Japanese sake (akaisake), and Korean rice wine (hongju), imparting a reddish colour to these wines.[2][3]
Although used mainly for its colour in cuisine, red yeast rice imparts a subtle but pleasant taste to food.
Chinese medicine
In addition to its culinary use, red yeast rice is also used in traditional Chinese herbology and traditional Chinese medicine. Its use has been documented as far back as the Tang Dynasty in China in 800 A.D. and taken internally to invigorate the body, aid in digestion, and remove "blood blockages".
Western medicine
Red yeast rice when produced using the 'Went' strain of Monascus purpureus contains significant quantites of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin which is also known as mevinolin, a naturally-occurring statin. It is sold as an over the counter dietary supplement for controlling cholesterol (See ref.: Medicine Net). There is strong scientific evidence for its effect in lowering blood levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein/LDL ("bad cholesterol"), and triglyceride levels (see below). Because an approved drug is identical to the molecule it is therefore regulated as a drug by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
In 1998, the U.S. district court in Utah allowed a product containing red yeast rice extract known as Cholestin™ to be sold without restriction, but this was reversed on appeal. (Moore, 2001) (see ref.: PDRhealth). Cholestin™ as a product continues to be marketed but no longer contains red yeast rice (RYR). Other companies sell red yeast rice products but most of them use a different strain of yeast or different growing conditions, resulting in RYR with a negligible statin content. The labeling on these new products often says nothing about cholesterol lowering. As late as August 2007, FDA noted supplements being sold containing significant lovastatin levels.(FDA, 2007)
In 2006 Liu et al published a meta-analysis of clinical trials (Chinese Med 2006;1:4-17). The article cited 93 published, controlled clinical trials (91 published in Chinese). Total cholesterol decreased by 35 mg/dl, LDL-cholesterol by 28 mg/dl, triglycerides by 35 mg/dl, and HDL-cholesterol increased by 6 mg/dl. Zhao et al reported on a four-year trial in people with diabetes (J Cardio Pharmacol 2007;49:81-84). There was a 40-50% reduction in cardio events and cardio deaths in the treated group. Ye et al reported on a four-year trial in elderly Chinese patients with heart disease (J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55:1015-22). Deaths were down 32%. There is at least one report in the literature of a statin-like myopathy caused by red yeast rice (Mueller PS. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:474-5).
References
- Medicine Net. Red Yeast Rice. Retrieved on February 12, 2006.
- Moore, US FDA (May 5, 2001). Untitled correspondence. Retrieved on February 12, 2006.
- PDRhealth. Red Yeast Rice. Retrieved on February 12, 2006.
- MedlinePlus. Red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus). Retrieved on March 28.
- Richard N. Rogoros, M.D.. Non-prescription Cholesterol Lowering. Retrieved on August 19, 2006.
- Dennis Lee, M.D.. Red Yeast Rice and Cholesterol - A Critical Review. Retrieved on August 19, 2006.
- FDA (August 9, 2007). FDA Warns Consumers to Avoid Red Yeast Rice Products Promoted on Internet as Treatments for High Cholesterol. Retrieved on August 10, 2007.
External links
